{
 "_help": "Facts for the Winds & weather layer (js/winds-data.js loads them, js/winds.js draws them), researched from met-service and pilot sources; each local wind lists its own. Where no reputable source gave a figure, the field is left out rather than guessed. Zones are simplified outlines over the sea where each wind is best known; months and belts are climatology, not forecasts. local: from = compass degrees it blows from (null: gusts from any side), speed in knots, months and peak 1-12, waves = labels for the zone rings (outer to inner). belts: a label, or seasons (the first whose months hold, one without months for the rest; none: no label that month). Translated fields: site/i18n/content.json.",
 "note": "A simplified climate picture for learning about sailing seasons, drawn from NOAA, the Met Office, Météo-France, the Bureau of Meteorology, IMD and others. It is not a forecast: always check a real one before sailing.",
 "local": [
  {
   "id": "mistral",
   "name": "Mistral",
   "sea": "Mediterranean",
   "region": "Gulf of Lion, France",
   "at": [4.9, 42.9],
   "core": [4.9, 42.2],
   "from": 340,
   "fromText": "north to north-west (west off Corsica)",
   "speed": 14,
   "months": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],
   "peak": [12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
   "zone": [[3.4, 42.5], [4.2, 43.35], [5, 43.25], [6.2, 42.95], [7.4, 43.25], [8.3, 42.6], [8.55, 41.6], [9.1, 41.2], [8.3, 40.4], [6.5, 40.2], [4.8, 40.8], [3.9, 41.6], [3.3, 42.1]],
   "force": "Mean around 27 kt, gusts 43–54 kt; extreme gusts 76–86 kt",
   "seas": "Waves commonly 4.5–6 m, up to about 9 m recorded",
   "duration": "Usually 1–3 days; sometimes more than a week",
   "waves": [
    null,
    "4.5–6 m",
    "up to 9 m"
   ],
   "what": "A cold, dry, turbulent wind that clears the skies. It follows a cold front or a Genoa low and accelerates down the Rhône valley into the Gulf of Lion, reaching Corsica and the Strait of Bonifacio. Rare on summer afternoons.",
   "tip": "Expect high, steep seas far downwind, especially through the Strait of Bonifacio, and allow for it blowing a week.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Météo-France",
     "url": "https://meteofrance.com/meteo-a-z/le-mistral-vent-regional"
    },
    {
     "title": "EUMETrain",
     "url": "https://resources.eumetrain.org/data/7/7/Content/Mistral.htm"
    },
    {
     "title": "Met Office",
     "url": "https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/wind-names"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "tramontane",
   "name": "Tramontane",
   "sea": "Mediterranean",
   "region": "Roussillon & western Gulf of Lion, France",
   "at": [3.3, 42.75],
   "core": [3.7, 42.6],
   "from": 320,
   "fromText": "north-west to north",
   "speed": 13,
   "months": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],
   "peak": [12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
   "zone": [[3.05, 42.95], [3.35, 43.3], [4, 43.4], [4.3, 42.8], [4.2, 41.9], [3.4, 41.5], [3.2, 42.1]],
   "force": "Mean about 27 kt, gusts over 54 kt; record 99 kt at Perpignan",
   "what": "A cold, dry, gusty wind funnelled between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central, strongest around Cap Béar. It often blows at the same time as the Mistral.",
   "tip": "Gusts build through the day, peak in the afternoon and are weakest before dawn: early departures are the calmest.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Météo-France",
     "url": "https://meteofrance.com/actualites-et-dossiers/comprendre-la-meteo/le-vent/la-tramontane"
    },
    {
     "title": "Météo-France: regional winds",
     "url": "https://meteofrance.com/comprendre-la-meteo/le-vent/les-vents-regionaux"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bora",
   "name": "Bora",
   "aka": "Bura",
   "sea": "Mediterranean",
   "region": "Eastern Adriatic, Croatia",
   "at": [14.9, 44.95],
   "core": [14.8, 44.7],
   "from": 45,
   "fromText": "north-east",
   "speed": 16,
   "months": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],
   "peak": [12, 1, 2, 3],
   "zone": [[13.6, 45.6], [14.4, 45.25], [14.9, 44.95], [15.4, 44.45], [15.9, 43.9], [16.6, 43.4], [17.3, 43], [16.8, 42.7], [15.7, 43.1], [14.5, 43.7], [13.4, 44.4], [12.9, 45.1]],
   "force": "Mean can exceed 40 kt; gusts occasionally over 100 kt near Senj",
   "what": "A cold, very gusty downslope wind that pours over the Dinaric mountains onto the Croatian coast. It is most violent in Kvarner and the Velebit Channel, around Senj and Maslenica, and most common in winter.",
   "tip": "The worst gusts are close under the mountains below the passes, not offshore: the coast gives no lee.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "University of Zagreb study",
     "url": "https://www.bib.irb.hr/480107"
    },
    {
     "title": "Met Office",
     "url": "https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/wind-names"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "meltemi",
   "name": "Meltemi",
   "aka": "Etesians",
   "sea": "Mediterranean",
   "region": "Aegean Sea, Greece & Turkey",
   "at": [25.4, 38.2],
   "core": [25.3, 37.4],
   "from": 0,
   "fromText": "north (north-east to north-west; north-west in the Dodecanese)",
   "speed": 13,
   "months": [5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
   "peak": [7, 8],
   "zone": [[24.6, 40.3], [25.8, 40.6], [26.2, 39.9], [26.4, 39.2], [26.7, 38.2], [26.9, 37.5], [27.3, 36.9], [26.8, 36.3], [25.6, 35.9], [24.3, 36.2], [23.4, 36.6], [23.9, 37.4], [24.4, 38.1], [23.6, 39.3]],
   "force": "Often over 30 kt over the Aegean; about force 6–7 in July and August",
   "what": "The dry, steady northerly of the Aegean summer, under clear skies. Strongest in the central and southern Aegean and the Cyclades, usually peaking in the early afternoon and dropping at night.",
   "tip": "Gusts fall into bays from high ground, and harbours open to the north get uncomfortable: double your lines and set the anchor well.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Met Office",
     "url": "https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/wind-names"
    },
    {
     "title": "Misios et al. 2022",
     "url": "https://wcd.copernicus.org/articles/3/811/2022/"
    },
    {
     "title": "Noonsite",
     "url": "https://www.noonsite.com/report/greece-recommendations-from-cruisers/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "levanter",
   "name": "Levanter",
   "aka": "Levante",
   "sea": "Mediterranean",
   "region": "Strait of Gibraltar & Alborán Sea",
   "at": [-5.35, 36.05],
   "core": [-5.2, 36],
   "from": 90,
   "fromText": "east",
   "speed": 12,
   "months": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],
   "peak": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10],
   "zone": [[-6.4, 36.1], [-5.8, 36], [-5.3, 36.1], [-4.5, 36.4], [-3.5, 36.6], [-3, 36.3], [-3.8, 35.6], [-5, 35.85], [-6.1, 35.8]],
   "force": "Coastal warnings in the Strait reach force 7–8; about 110–130 Levante days a year",
   "what": "A humid easterly funnelled and accelerated through the Strait of Gibraltar, most frequent June to October. It often forms the banner cloud off the Rock of Gibraltar.",
   "tip": "Time a Strait transit on both wind and tide: a 30–40 kt Levante against the current is dangerous, and winds off Tarifa are strong very often.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Met Office",
     "url": "https://weather.metoffice.gov.uk/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/wind/wind-names"
    },
    {
     "title": "AEMET study",
     "url": "https://repositorio.aemet.es/handle/20.500.11765/17804"
    },
    {
     "title": "Noonsite",
     "url": "https://www.noonsite.com/place/gibraltar/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "tehuantepecer",
   "name": "Tehuantepecer",
   "aka": "Tehuano",
   "sea": "The Americas",
   "region": "Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico",
   "at": [-95, 15.8],
   "core": [-94.9, 15.2],
   "from": 5,
   "fromText": "north to north-north-east",
   "speed": 17,
   "months": [10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4],
   "peak": [12, 1],
   "zone": [[-95.4, 16.1], [-94.6, 16.2], [-94, 15.95], [-93.6, 15.4], [-93.4, 14.4], [-94.2, 13.4], [-95.6, 13.4], [-96.3, 14.4], [-96, 15.6]],
   "force": "About 12 gale-force (34+ kt) and 6–8 storm-force (48+ kt) events a season; occasionally hurricane force",
   "seas": "Around 3–4 m in strong events (NHC example)",
   "duration": "Events last about 48 hours",
   "waves": [
    null,
    null,
    "3–4 m"
   ],
   "what": "A cold northerly outbreak from the Gulf of Mexico, squeezed through the Chivela Pass into a narrow, violent jet under clear skies. It can be felt some 160 km offshore; gales peak in December, storms in January.",
   "tip": "Cross only in a forecast window between events. Huatulco and Puerto Chiapas are the usual ports to wait in.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "NHC: Brennan et al. 2010",
     "url": "https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/WAF_mb_hc_rk_201004.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "santaana",
   "name": "Santa Ana",
   "sea": "The Americas",
   "region": "Southern California, USA",
   "at": [-118.2, 33.6],
   "core": [-118.7, 33.6],
   "from": 60,
   "fromText": "east to north-east (offshore)",
   "speed": 11,
   "months": [9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
   "peak": [10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3],
   "zone": [[-117.3, 33.1], [-117.9, 33.6], [-118.5, 33.9], [-119.3, 34.15], [-120.2, 34.3], [-120.3, 33.6], [-119, 32.9], [-117.8, 32.6]],
   "force": "Gusts of 48–56 kt in mountain passes and canyons; weaker at sea",
   "what": "A hot, very dry wind from the deserts, compressed as it descends. It is strongest below passes and canyons and is a major driver of wildfires.",
   "tip": "It reverses the usual onshore breeze: east-facing harbours on Catalina and the Channel Islands, such as Avalon and Two Harbors, become exposed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "National Weather Service",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/safety/wind-mountain-valley"
    },
    {
     "title": "NOAA study",
     "url": "https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/20522"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "williwaw",
   "name": "Williwaw",
   "sea": "The Americas",
   "region": "Aleutian Islands & Gulf of Alaska, USA",
   "at": [-166.6, 53.95],
   "core": [-166.8, 53.8],
   "from": null,
   "fromText": "any direction: it falls off the mountains",
   "speed": 18,
   "months": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12],
   "peak": [10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3],
   "zone": [[-168.5, 52.9], [-167.5, 53.3], [-166.2, 53.6], [-165.3, 54.2], [-166.2, 54.4], [-167.6, 54.1], [-169, 53.4]],
   "force": "Often hurricane force in gusts; 109-kt gust recorded at Adak",
   "what": "Sudden, violent squalls that fall off the mountains, often out of a near calm. In winter, gusts of 60 kt or more hit Gulf of Alaska ports almost every month. The same name is used in the Strait of Magellan.",
   "tip": "Anchorages sheltered from the main wind can be hit hardest, and anchored boats drag: use generous scope and good gear.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "US Coast Pilot 9 (ch. 4)",
     "url": "https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/coast-pilot/files/cp9/CPB9_C04_WEB.pdf"
    },
    {
     "title": "US Coast Pilot 9 (ch. 7)",
     "url": "https://nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/publications/coast-pilot/files/cp9/CPB9_C07_WEB.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "shamal",
   "name": "Shamal",
   "sea": "Middle East",
   "region": "Persian Gulf",
   "at": [50.4, 28.1],
   "core": [51.2, 27.2],
   "from": 315,
   "fromText": "north-west",
   "speed": 13,
   "months": [11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7],
   "peak": [12, 1, 2],
   "zone": [[48.6, 29.9], [49.6, 29.3], [50.8, 28.4], [51.8, 27.5], [53.5, 26.7], [55.2, 26.4], [56.1, 26.2], [54.6, 24.8], [52.6, 24.3], [51.3, 25.3], [50.4, 26.2], [49.6, 27.1], [48.5, 28.5]],
   "force": "Winter events typically 30–40 kt by day; the summer \"40-day\" shamal usually under about 27 kt",
   "duration": "Winter events last 1–5 days; in June to mid-July it blows almost continuously",
   "what": "A dry, dusty north-westerly that starts in the north-west of the Gulf and spreads south-east. Winter shamals follow cold fronts and bring the Gulf’s strongest winds.",
   "tip": "In summer the dust haze can hide the coastline: navigate by instruments, not by sight of land.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Thoppil & Hogan 2010",
     "url": "https://www7320.nrlssc.navy.mil/pubs/2010/prasad1-2010.pdf"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "southerly",
   "name": "Southerly buster",
   "sea": "Australia",
   "region": "New South Wales coast",
   "at": [151.5, -33.9],
   "core": [151.6, -34],
   "from": 180,
   "fromText": "south",
   "speed": 14,
   "months": [10, 11, 12, 1, 2],
   "peak": [10, 11, 12, 1, 2],
   "zone": [[152.1, -32.7], [151.4, -33.6], [151, -34.3], [150.7, -35], [151.3, -35.2], [152, -34.3], [152.6, -33.3], [152.9, -32.6]],
   "force": "Gusts over 29 kt with a temperature drop of at least 5°C (the definition); strong ones exceed 40 kt, record 70 kt",
   "what": "An abrupt cold change trapped against the Great Dividing Range, strongest between Nowra and Newcastle in a band 20–60 nm wide. The temperature can fall 10–15°C in under an hour; Sydney averages about five a year, usually late on a hot day.",
   "tip": "A roll cloud lying across the coast often marks its leading edge: reef before it arrives.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "title": "Bureau of Meteorology",
     "url": "https://media.bom.gov.au/social/blog/18/the-big-bustsoutherly-busters-explained/"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "storms": [
  {
   "id": "north-atlantic",
   "name": "Hurricanes",
   "where": "North Atlantic, Caribbean & Gulf",
   "boxes": [[-100, 8, -15, 45]],
   "months": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
   "note": "1 June – 30 November; peak around 10 September (NHC)"
  },
  {
   "id": "eastern-north-pacific",
   "name": "Hurricanes",
   "where": "Eastern North Pacific",
   "boxes": [[-140, 8, -90, 30]],
   "months": [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
   "note": "15 May – 30 November; peak late August to early September (NHC)"
  },
  {
   "id": "central-north-pacific",
   "name": "Hurricanes",
   "where": "Central North Pacific",
   "boxes": [[-180, 5, -140, 30]],
   "months": [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
   "note": "1 June – 30 November (CPHC)"
  },
  {
   "id": "western-north-pacific",
   "name": "Typhoons",
   "where": "Western North Pacific & South China Sea",
   "boxes": [[100, 5, 180, 40]],
   "months": [7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
   "note": "All year; main season July–November, quietest February to mid-March"
  },
  {
   "id": "north-indian",
   "name": "Cyclones",
   "where": "North Indian Ocean",
   "boxes": [[50, 5, 100, 25]],
   "months": [4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12],
   "note": "April – early June and October – December; peaks in May and November (IMD)"
  },
  {
   "id": "south-west-indian",
   "name": "Cyclones",
   "where": "South-West Indian Ocean",
   "boxes": [[30, -30, 90, -5]],
   "months": [11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4],
   "note": "15 November – 30 April (Météo-France La Réunion)"
  },
  {
   "id": "australian",
   "name": "Cyclones",
   "where": "Australian region",
   "boxes": [[90, -30, 160, -5]],
   "months": [11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4],
   "note": "1 November – 30 April (Bureau of Meteorology)"
  },
  {
   "id": "south-pacific",
   "name": "Cyclones",
   "where": "South Pacific",
   "boxes": [[160, -30, 180, -5], [-180, -30, -130, -5]],
   "months": [11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4],
   "note": "November – April; peak January–February (Fiji Met Service)"
  }
 ],
 "beaufort": [
  {
   "force": 0,
   "knots": "< 1",
   "name": "Calm",
   "sea": "Sea like a mirror"
  },
  {
   "force": 1,
   "knots": "1–3",
   "name": "Light air",
   "sea": "Ripples"
  },
  {
   "force": 2,
   "knots": "4–6",
   "name": "Light breeze",
   "sea": "Small wavelets"
  },
  {
   "force": 3,
   "knots": "7–10",
   "name": "Gentle breeze",
   "sea": "Crests begin to break"
  },
  {
   "force": 4,
   "knots": "11–16",
   "name": "Moderate breeze",
   "sea": "Frequent white horses"
  },
  {
   "force": 5,
   "knots": "17–21",
   "name": "Fresh breeze",
   "sea": "Moderate waves, some spray"
  },
  {
   "force": 6,
   "knots": "22–27",
   "name": "Strong breeze",
   "sea": "Large waves; reef the sails"
  },
  {
   "force": 7,
   "knots": "28–33",
   "name": "Near gale",
   "sea": "Sea heaps up, foam in streaks"
  },
  {
   "force": 8,
   "knots": "34–40",
   "name": "Gale",
   "sea": "Long high waves"
  },
  {
   "force": 9,
   "knots": "41–47",
   "name": "Strong gale",
   "sea": "High waves, spray cuts visibility"
  },
  {
   "force": 10,
   "knots": "48–55",
   "name": "Storm",
   "sea": "Very high waves, white sea"
  },
  {
   "force": 11,
   "knots": "56–63",
   "name": "Violent storm",
   "sea": "Exceptionally high waves"
  },
  {
   "force": 12,
   "knots": "64+",
   "name": "Hurricane",
   "sea": "Air full of foam and spray"
  }
 ],
 "belts": [
  {
   "id": "ne-trades",
   "label": "North-east trade winds",
   "at": [[-45, 17], [-150, 16]]
  },
  {
   "id": "se-trades",
   "label": "South-east trade winds",
   "at": [[-20, -14], [-115, -14], [80, -15]]
  },
  {
   "id": "doldrums",
   "label": "Doldrums",
   "at": [[-30, 5], [-125, 7]],
   "calm": true
  },
  {
   "id": "horse-latitudes",
   "label": "Horse latitudes",
   "at": [[-40, 31], [-140, 31], [-20, -29]],
   "calm": true
  },
  {
   "id": "westerlies",
   "label": "Westerlies",
   "at": [[-38, 47], [-160, 47]]
  },
  {
   "id": "roaring-forties",
   "label": "Roaring Forties",
   "at": [[70, -44], [-110, -44]]
  },
  {
   "id": "furious-fifties",
   "label": "Furious Fifties",
   "at": [[20, -55], [-150, -55]]
  },
  {
   "id": "polar-easterlies",
   "label": "Polar easterlies",
   "at": [[-30, 68]]
  },
  {
   "id": "indian-monsoon",
   "seasons": [
    {
     "id": "south-west",
     "months": [6, 7, 8, 9],
     "label": "South-west monsoon"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-east",
     "months": [12, 1, 2, 3],
     "label": "North-east monsoon"
    },
    {
     "id": "changing",
     "label": "Monsoon changing"
    }
   ],
   "at": [[70, 12]]
  },
  {
   "id": "christmas-winds",
   "seasons": [
    {
     "id": "on",
     "months": [12, 1, 2],
     "label": "Christmas winds"
    }
   ],
   "at": [[-72, 15]]
  },
  {
   "id": "somali-jet",
   "seasons": [
    {
     "id": "on",
     "months": [6, 7, 8],
     "label": "Somali jet"
    }
   ],
   "at": [[53, 3]]
  },
  {
   "id": "portuguese-trades",
   "seasons": [
    {
     "id": "on",
     "months": [6, 7, 8],
     "label": "Portuguese trades"
    }
   ],
   "at": [[-13, 42.5]]
  },
  {
   "id": "australian-monsoon",
   "seasons": [
    {
     "id": "north-west",
     "months": [12, 1, 2, 3],
     "label": "NW monsoon"
    },
    {
     "id": "south-east",
     "months": [5, 6, 7, 8, 9],
     "label": "SE trades"
    }
   ],
   "at": [[125, -10]]
  }
 ]
}